Ruler
Hosni Mubarak
President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011
1928 – 2020
Lifespan; he ruled from 1981 until he stepped down in 2011.
Biography
Air force commander in the 1973 war, then vice-president. He became president after Sadat’s assassination and ruled for thirty years, during which a state of emergency remained in force. He stepped down in February 2011 after mass protests.
Key facts
Certainty: Established
Emergency law remained in force in Egypt for almost all of Mubarak’s rule.
- Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. (2004) “Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (2nd edition)” Westview Press