Certainty: Established
Between 1953 and 2011 Egypt had four presidents: Muhammad Naguib, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak.
- Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. (2004) “Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (2nd edition)” Westview Press
Artistic reconstructionScene 1 of 8
Artistic reconstruction of the High Dam — approximate.
The Republic · 1953 – 2011 CE
The Republic
Narration
For the first time in centuries Egypt was ruled by Egyptians — but all of them came from the army. In these decades Egypt’s population grew several times over, the cities filled up, and country life changed. Every Egyptian who lived through these years carries different memories and opinions of them.
What the evidence says
Editorial status: Published — Editorial draft built from the cited sources, awaiting review by a specialist in contemporary Egyptian history. Documented events are presented, and differing views are attributed to those who hold them. (Last reviewed: 2026-11-15)