Rulers of Foreign Lands

Narration

In a harbour town on a branch of the Nile in the eastern Delta, languages and customs from the Levant and Egypt mingled. From there came kings the Egyptians called "rulers of foreign lands". This is their story — and the story of those who drove them out.

What the evidence says

Probable

The Second Intermediate Period is dated c. 1650–1550 BCE; the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty ruled the north and the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty the south.

Scholarly note: The number and order of the other minor dynasties are debated.

Ian Shaw (ed.) (2000) “The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt” Oxford University Press, Chronology
K. S. B. Ryholt (1997) “The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C.” Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen

Editorial status: Published — Editorial draft built from the cited sources, awaiting review by a specialist in the Second Intermediate Period. (Last reviewed: 2026-11-13)