Ruler
Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring)
British consul-general in Egypt
1883 – 1907
His years as consul-general; he lived 1841–1917.
Biography
A British diplomat who effectively ran Egypt for nearly a quarter of a century while the khedive remained nominal ruler. He focused on repaying debt and reforming finance and irrigation, and limited state education. His tenure ended after widespread anger over the Dinshaway incident.
Key facts
Certainty: Established
Cromer governed Egypt in practice from behind the khedive, in what is sometimes called the "veiled protectorate".
- Roger Owen (2004) “Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul” Oxford University Press
- M. W. Daly (ed.) (1998) “The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century” Cambridge University Press